Aerobic needs oxygen or anaerobic does not use oxygen. Sexual, asexual or through spores. Self-moving or static. The first person to divide living things into five broad kingdoms was North American ecologist Robert Whittaker. This researcher proved in that fungi were not plant organisms - previously it was thought that they were - and a decade later he proposed the creation of the fungi kingdom to differentiate them from plants.
Whittaker's theory was widely accepted and the scientific community thereby added a new group to the previous four-kingdom system, established by the American biologist Herbert Copeland in The kingdom Animalia is the most evolved and is divided into two large groups - vertebrates and invertebrates.
These animals are multi-celled, heterotrophic eukaryotes with aerobic respiration, sexual reproduction and the ability to move. This kingdom is one of the most diverse and comprises mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians, insects, molluscs and annelids, among others.
Trees, plants and other species of vegetation make up part of the Plantae kingdom - one of the oldest, and characterised by its immobile, multicellular and eukaryotic nature. These autotrophic things, whose cells contain cellulose and chlorophyll are essential for life on Earth since they release oxygen through photosynthesis. As regards their method of reproduction, this may be either sexual or asexual. The kingdoms of living things and their species at a glance.
This name is used to designate the fungi kingdom which includes yeasts, moulds and all species of mushrooms and toadstools. Piute cypress C. Cuyamaca cypress C. Smooth-bark Arizona cypress C. Rough-bark Arizona cypress C. Right: Seed cones of cypress from groves in central and northern California. Monterey cypress C. Gowen cypress C. Santa Cruz cypress C. Mendocino cypress C. Macnab cypress C.
Modoc cypress C. Male pollen cones of the Piute cypress Cupressus nevadensis [syn. Each scalelike leaf bears a dorsal gland that exudes a resin droplet red arrow.
Interior cypress species such as this one typically have glaucous, resinous foliage, presumably an adaptation to dry, arid habitats. Foliage and pollen cones of the Smooth-bark Arizona cypress Cupressus glabra [Syn. Foliage of the Tecate cypress C.
The scalelike leaves of Arizona cypress are glaucous and very glandular sticky. The scalelike leaves of Tecate cypress are green and without dorsal resin glands. Right: Grove of Piute cypress C. The Piute cypress are more drought resistant, with gray glaucous , glandular resinous foliage similar to the Arizona cypress.
In fact, some botanists now consider the Piute cypress to be a subspecies of the Arizona cypress and have named it C. This species typically grows on outcrops of serpentine in the Coast Ranges of central and northern California. Serpentine is a shiny rock with a waxy luster and feel. It varies in color from creamy white and shades of green to black. In California, many species of rare and endangered plants are endemic to serpentine outcrops.
Genetic drift has undoubtedly occured in isolated cypress groves such as this one, which are often referred to as "arboreal islands.
Podocarpus gracilior , a member of the Podocarpaceae native to eastern Africa. Although it is sometimes called "fern pine" it does not belong to the genus Pinus ; however, like pines and other cone-bearing species, it does belong to the Division Coniferophyta.
Minute female cones are composed of reduced scales, but usually only one scale bears an ovule that matures into a seed. There is little resemblance to a cone in the mature seed. The seed has a hard coat surrounded by a fleshy outer layer aril. The drupelike seed often sits on a fleshy red or purple base or cone axis that is called an aril in some references. The seeds are similar to the California nutmeg Torreya californica and Pacific yew Taxus brevifolia , members of the closely-related Yew Family Taxaceae.
In the latter species, the naked seed sits partially exposed in a red, cup-shaped aril. Podocarpus seeds are often referred to as fleshy fruits called drupes, but this is incorrect because drupes develop from the ovaries of flowering plants. Another group of conifers with fleshy seed-bearing structures are the junipers Juniperus in the Cypress Family Cupressaceae.
Junipers actually produce small cones with fleshy, fused scales bearing one-several seeds. Before we jump into eukaryotic diversity, let's take a minute to appreciate the complexity of classifying biological organisms. Eukaryotes represent a domain of life, but within this domain there are multiple kingdoms. The most common classification creates four kingdoms in this domain: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. These domains are further divided into a lot of smaller categories: phyla singular: phylum , classes, orders, families, genera singular: genus , and species.
You can imagine that even within one domain, there's a lot of different organisms that may not look or act much alike. They have to have some similarities in order to be grouped together, but they don't necessarily need to eat the same food, move the same way, or have the same taste in music in order to be part of the same kingdom.
Organisms aren't generally classified by their reaction to Justin Bieber. Biological classification of life. Now that we've cleared that up, here's a list of a few defining characteristics of protists: 1.
Most are microscopic. Most are single celled. Some can perform photosynthesis, making them autotrophs. Some are heterotrophs. They can produce asexually by themselves or sexually exchanging genetic material with partners.
Some of them can move by means of cilia, flagella, or pseudopodia. You may be starting to wonder if this kingdom has more variety than a box of Jelly Belly beans. You would be correct. You may also now be craving a handful of toasted marshmallow and tutti-frutti treats. Don't despair about the lack of absolute defining characteristics. Protists may look like the "leftover" group of organisms like Hufflepuff house at Hogwarts , but they do have something in common.
They are a group of smaller organisms that are more complex than prokaryotes, but simpler than the rest of us. A large group of protists include different types of plant-like algae that perform photosynthesis. As an autotroph , or organism capable of making its own food, they take sunlight and carbon dioxide and whip up some sugah-sugah for the rest of the world to munch on.
Their small size and their ability to make food make them an important and essential beginning of many food chains. Other well-known protist groups include more heterotrophic organisms that are more "animal-like. Heterotrophs cannot cook their own food for the life of them. They resort to frozen food and the microwave. It's on to the 'shrooms. When you think about mushrooms, you likely think of those red and white-capped Mario mushrooms, or a topping you put on pizza.
The fungi kingdom represents those organisms, and over 70, other species of fungus. Most are multicellular, but yeast are a unicellular exception.
Most are heterotrophs and many are saprophytes. Their cells have cell walls made of chitin. They can reproduce sexually or asexually through spores. Since fungi are heterotrophs, they need to eat other things to survive. This is one of the things that distinguish them from plants, even though many plants and fungi are both immobile organisms stuck in the ground like a flagpole. Sometimes fungi are stuck onto other things…like feet. Some fungi are saprophytes. They can eat, or decompose, dead organic matter.
For this reason, they are the trash compacters of the forest floor. Many species of fungi get their nutrients through structures called hyphae.
These are long root-like tubes that grow into whatever the fungus is attached to. They digest food outside of these hyphae, and then absorb it through the hyphae. Symbiotic fungi are found in the roots of all vascular plants and provide them with important nutrients. Fungi provide many types of medications such as antibiotics and penicillin, but also cause many diseases in the animalia kingdom.
Fungal diseases are extremely difficult to treat because fungi are extremely similar genetically and chemically to organisms in the animalia kingdom. The protista kingdom includes unicellular and multicellular organisms, according to Clermont College. Organisms in the protista kingdom need to live in some type of water environment to survive. This may include fresh water, marine water, damp soil and even the wet hair of an animal like a polar bear.
The three types of organisms in the protista kingdom are protozoa, algae, and fungus-like protists. Protozoa obtain their food with phagocytosis, which involves engulfing their prey with mouth-like structures. Algae contain chlorophyll and obtain their food through photosynthesis just like organisms in the plantae kingdom.
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