Our study also failed to capture the prevalence of Adderall advertising on social media platforms, which is an emerging market for the advertising and person-to-person sale of controlled substances. Finally, data collection for our study was conducted before the novel coronavirus disease COVID pandemic, which saw an increase in rogue online pharmacies peddling no-prescription medications, particularly for treatment of COVID Adderall, a controlled substance with high potential for abuse, is readily accessible online without a prescription.
While doing little to ensure patient safety, rogue online pharmacies treat patients as consumers with aggressive marketing tactics. In addition to concerted law enforcement and regulatory efforts to remove these websites, common search engines should make efforts to better select for legitimate online pharmacies, deterring the illegal purchase of Adderall and improving the safety of consumers in the online pharmacy marketplace.
In the meantime, organizations should continue to offer and support efforts to warn consumers of the dangers of illegitimate online pharmacies. Stephen F. Disclosure: The authors declare no relevant conflicts of interest or financial relationships. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. J Am Pharm Assoc Published online Sep 7.
Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Apr 15; Accepted Jul Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVIDrelated research that is available on the COVID resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source.
Abstract Objectives Adderall amphetamine-dextroamphetamine is a controlled substance with harmful adverse effects if abused or misused.
Design Cross-sectional study. Outcome measures Online pharmacies were categorized as rogue, unclassified, or legitimate on the basis of LegitScript classifications. Results Of the 62 online pharmacies found to sell Adderall, 61 were rogue or unclassified. Conclusion Rogue online pharmacies are pervasive in search engine results, enabling the illicit purchase of Adderall without a prescription.
Key Points. Objectives Assess the availability of Adderall from common search engines, and evaluate the safety and marketing characteristics of online pharmacies selling Adderall.
Safety Characteristics related to safety were selected on the basis of previous literature and obtained from each included website. Marketing Characteristics related to marketing were selected on the basis of previous literature. Cost The price and shipping costs of 30 mg Adderall IR and Adderall XR at the most frequently sold quantities of 60, 90, , , and tablets or capsules were collected.
Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Search strategy used to collect online pharmacies selling Adderall. Figure 2. Table 1 Safety characteristics stratified by rogue, unclassified, and legitimate pharmacies.
Abbreviation used: NR, not reported. Figure 3. Table 2 Marketing characteristics stratified by rogue, unclassified, and legitimate pharmacies. Figure 4. Discussion We found that most online pharmacies selling Adderall were rogue or unclassified by LegitScript. Conclusion Adderall, a controlled substance with high potential for abuse, is readily accessible online without a prescription.
Footnotes Disclosure: The authors declare no relevant conflicts of interest or financial relationships. References 1. Weyandt L. Prescription stimulant medication misuse: where are we and where do we go from here? Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. Benson K. Misuse of stimulant medication among college students: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. McCabe S. Trends in medical use, diversion, and nonmedical use of prescription medications among college students from to connecting the dots.
Addict Behav. Cassidy T. J Atten Disord. Lakhan S. Prescription stimulants in individuals with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: misuse, cognitive impact, and adverse effects.
Brain Behav. Bazmi E. Cardiovascular complications of acute amphetamine abuse: cross-sectional study. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. Berman S. Potential adverse effects of amphetamine treatment on brain and behavior: a review [published correction appears in Mol Psychiatry. Misuse of prescription stimulants among college students: a review of the literature and implications for morphological and cognitive effects on brain functioning. Salmanzadeh H.
Adolescent drug exposure: a review of evidence for the development of persistent changes in brain function. Brain Res Bull. National Institute on Drug Abuse Prescription drugs: abuse and addiction.
Mackey T. Digital danger: a review of the global public health, patient safety and cybersecurity threats posed by illicit online pharmacies. Br Med Bull. Alliance for Safe Online Pharmacies The alliance for safe online pharmacies is dedicated to combatting illegal online pharmacies and counterfeit medicines to make the internet safer for consumers worldwide.
National Association of Boards of Pharmacy Digital pharmacy accreditation. LegitScript Confident compliance. Interpol Operation Pangea - shining a light on pharmaceutical crime.
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This combination medication is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder — ADHD. It works by changing the amounts of certain natural substances in the brain. It can help increase your ability to pay attention, stay focused on an activity, and control behavior problems.
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If you have any questions, ask your doctor or pharmacist. Take this medication by mouth with or without food as directed by your doctor, usually 1 to 3 times a day.
The first dose is usually taken when you wake up in the morning. If more doses are prescribed, take them as directed by your doctor, usually hours apart. Taking this medication late in the day may cause trouble sleeping insomnia. The dosage is based on your medical condition and response to treatment. Your doctor may adjust your dose to find the dose that is best for you.
Use this medication regularly to get the most benefit from it. To help you remember, take it at the same time s each day. During treatment, your doctor may occasionally recommend stopping the medication for a short time to see whether there are any changes in your behavior and whether the medication is still needed.
To help prevent withdrawal, your doctor may lower your dose slowly.
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